| Formulating an internal and external communication plan |
Uncoordinated communication |
| Defining objectives and inviting action |
Absence of definition of channels, frequency, and responsibilities |
| Mapping interests, target audiences, modes and timing of communication |
Fragmented and repetitive communication |
| Encouraging attention to content |
Information overload for recipients |
| Establishing the action plan and evaluating the effect of communication |
Poor responsiveness |
| Codifying common communicative norms |
Lack of feedback on communication effectiveness |